While it’s not set up exactly as you mentioned above, there is a way to do this by having one track that is at a lower clock division than the track you want to repeat.
For example, if you have track one set at 32 Clock Division and then track two on the same pattern set at 1 Clock Division, the pattern within track one will repeat 32 times before moving onto the next one. As you might imagine, a variety of combinations between the different Clock Divisions and total number of steps you have active allows for a good range of desired repeats for a given pattern. The main point to remember is that the track with the lowest Clock Division will dictate how many times the pattern will run.
Obviously this isn’t as flexible as what you’ve suggested; however, if you’ve got a dummy track or one track that conveniently works with a lower Clock Division, it will at least give you the functionality of pattern repeats in a chain.